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COMPREHENSION OF

THE PASSAGE

Paragraph No. 11

About sixty years ago the question of choosing a profession was not taken up seriously. A son generally followed the trade of his father. But nowadays one can take up a trade one likes. The students who make the right choice of profession are always successful. For the right choice of a profession there should be some definite aim. The students who do not have any definite aim and suffer a lot in the end as they have also a difficulty in finding an employment. In choosing a profession the teacher and the parents play a very important part. The teacher keeps an eye on his pupils. He studies their habits. So he can put his pupils on the right path of life.

Questions:

1. What were the conditions about the choice of a profession sixty years ago?

Ans. People were not serious about the choice of a profession sixty years ago.

2. Why did the people not choose the profession seriously?

Ans. The people did not choose the profession seriously because their children generally followed their trade.

3. Can a student of the present times choose his profession freely?

Ans. Yes, a student of the present times can choose his profession freely.

4. What is the advantage of a right choice of a profession?

Ans. Achievement of success is the advantage of a right choice of a profession.

5. How can a student choose his profession rightly?

Ans. A student can choose his profession rightly when he has some definite aim before him.

6. What will be the difficulty of a student who is reading without a definite aim?

Ans. A student reading without a definite aim will face difficulty in finding an employment.

7. How can a teacher help his pupil in making a choice of profession?

Ans. A teacher can study the habits of his pupils and he can guide them properly in making a choice of a profession.

Paragraph No. 12

Making pottery on the potter's wheel is called "throwing". The thrower is a very skillful workman. But there is another method of shaping articles out of clay, -- "moulding". A plaster mould is made and the clay is pressed into it. This is a quicker and less difficult way and must be used to make things like handles; but all the most beautiful pottery is thrown. When a piece of pottery is taken off the wheel, it is put aside to dry, after which a design may be painted on it with special colours that will stand great heat; it is then ready to be fired. This is done in a large oven, or kiln. The pieces of pottery are placed in earthenware tubes called "Saggers" so that the flames cannot touch the potter.

Questions:

Q. 1 What is throwing?

Ans. Making pottery on the potter's wheel is called 'throwing'.

Q. 2 What is the other method of shaping articles?

Ans. The other method of shaping articles is 'moulding'.

Q. 3 What is the advantages of moulding?

Ans. Moulding is a quick and easy method of making things like handles.

Q. 4 How does the porter make designs on the pieces of pottery?

Ans. The potter paints designs on the pieces of pottery with special colours.

Q. 5 How is pottery baked in fire?

Ans. The pottery is baked in a large oven or kiln.

Paragraph No. 13

The Sultan sent agents to all parts of the East to buy rare manuscripts, and bring them back to Cordova. His men were constantly searching the booksellers' shops at Cairo, Damascus and Baghdad for rare volumes for his library. When the book was not to be bought at any price, he would have it copied; and sometimes even hear of a book which was only in the author's brain, and send him a handsome present, and beg him to send the first copy to Cordova. By such means he gathered no fewer than four hundred thousand books and this at a time when printing was unknown, and every copy had to be painfully copied, in the fine clear hand of the professional copyist.

Questions:

Q. 1 Why did Sultan send his agents to all parts of the East?

Ans. Sultan sent his agents to all parts of the East to buy rare manuscripts.

Q. 2 Where and what for they searched the book seller’s shops?

Ans. They were searching the book seller’s shop at Cairo, Damascus and Baghdad for rare volumes.

Q. 3 What would he do when any book was not to be bought at any price?

Ans. He would have got it copied when any book was be bought at any price.

Q. 4 What would he do when the author had not yet written the book?

Ans. He would have sent a handsome present and beg him to send the first copy to Cordova.

Q. 5 How many books had he gathered?

Ans. He had gathered four hundred thousand books.

Q. 6 Why was it difficult to collect so many books in those days?

Ans. It was difficult to bring forth books in those days because printing was unknown then.

Paragraph No. 14

Musa was in chief command, and the gates were in his charge. They had been barred when the Christians came in view; but Musa threw them open. "Our bodies", he said, "will bar the gates". The young men were kindled by such words, and when he told them, "We have nothing to fight for but the ground we stand on; and without that we are without a home or a country", they were ready to die with him. With such a leader, the Moorish cavaliers performed feats of bravery in the plain which divided the camp from the city.

Questions:

Q. 1 Who was the chief commander and what was in his charge?

Ans. Musa was the chief commander and incharge of gates.

Q. 2 When were the gates barred?

Ans. The gates were barred when the Christians came in view.

Q. 3 Who threw them open?

Ans. Musa threw them open.

Q. 4 What did Musa say?

Ans. Musa said, “Our bodies will bar the gates. We have nothing to fight for but the ground we stand on; and without that we are without home or country”

Q. 5 What effect had his words on the young men?

Ans. On hearing his words, the young men were ready to die with him

Q. 6 What divided the city from the camp?

Ans. The plain divided the city from the camp.

Paragraph No. 15

Early rising is a good habit as it gives us early start of our day's work. We gain time while the late risers are asleep. The early risers have another advantage also and that is they enjoy good and sound health. Those who are out of bed early have plenty of time to do work carefully, steadily and completely. They do not have to put off anything to the next day. The early risers is always happy, fresh and smart. He enjoys his work while those who get up late find their duty dull and dry and do it unwillingly. Early rising is therefore, a key to success in life.

Questions:

Q. 1 What kind of habit early rising is?

Ans. Early rising is a good habit.

Q. 2 Why can an early riser do more work than the late riser?

Ans. An early riser takes an early start of his day’s work. So he can do more work than the late riser.

Q. 3 Why does an early riser enjoy good health?

Ans. An early riser enjoys good health because he is always happy, fresh and smart.

Q. 4 Why does a late riser find his work dull and dry?

Ans. A late riser finds his work dull and dry because he does his work unwillingly.

Q. 5 What is the key to success in life?

Ans. Early rising is the key to success in life.

Paragraph No. 16

Some ants are social insects. It means that they live in societies, cooperate with one another and do only the work assigned to them. They do out in search of food in orderly fashion, marching in lines and columns like soldiers. Different groups of social ants have different jobs to do. They manage their affairs through division of labour. Some ants guard and protect their community. They fight the other insects who attack them or raid their colony. They are called solider ants. Another group gathers food for the whole community. The social ants have now learnt this division of labout. They have inherited it.

Questions:

Q. 1 What do we mean by social insects?

Ans. Social insects means insects that live in societies, cooperate with one another and do only the work assigned to them.

Q. 2 Why are some ants called social insects?

Ans. Some ants are called social insects because they live in societies.

Q. 3 How do the ants cooperate with one another?

Ans. The ants cooperate with one another by doing only the work assigned to them.

Q. 4 What principle do they follow while doing their work?

Ans. Division of labour is the principle they follow while working.

Q. 5 Why are the members of a certain group called soldier ants?

Ans. The members of certain groups are called soldier ants because they fight with the other insects who attack them.

Q. 6 How have the ants learnt the principle of division of labour?

Ans. They have inherited the principle of division of labour.

Paragraph No. 17

Iqbal is not only the greatest poet of our age, but also one of the greatest poets of all times. There are not many poets who wrote as many great poems as he did. He did not write poetry for poetry's sake. He was in fact much more than a mere poet. He was a learned man. He was a great scholar and philosopher. He was a political leader of great importance. But more than anything he was a Muslim who had a great love for God and His Prophet (peace be upon him). He wrote poetry to express the great and everlasting truths of philosophy, history and Islam. He wrote poetry to awaken the Muslims of the whole world from the deep sleep and asked them to unite.

Questions:

Q. 1 Why is Iqbal considered to be one of the greatest poets of all time?

Ans. Iqbal is considered to be one of the greatest poets of all times because he wrote so many great poems for the good of human beings.

Q. 2 Did he write poetry for poetry's sake?

Ans. No, he did not write poetry for poetry’s sake.

Q. 3 How can you say that Iqbal was much more than a mere poet?

Ans. Iqbal was a learned man, a great scholar, a great philosopher and a great political leader. So we can say that he was much more than a mere poet.

Q. 4 What kind of a Muslim was Iqbal?

Ans. Iqbal was much devoted to God and His Prophet (peace be upon him). He wished to free the Muslims from ignorance.

Q. 5 With what aim did he write poetry?

Ans. He wrote poetry with the aim of awakening the Muslims of the world from deep sleep.

Q. 6 What was Iqbal's call to the Muslims of the whole world?

Ans. He asked the Muslim world to unite.

Paragraph No. 18

One day a girl found a coin. It rolled away before her broom when she was sweeping the yard, and fell with a clatter against the wall. She ran and picked it up. Someone had dropped it while crossing the yard and perhaps had not even troubled to look for it. It was worth little. But it seemed a whole fortune to her, who never had anything of her own before. She rubbed it clean on the sleeve of her blue cotton jacket and put it into her pocket.

Questions:

Q. 1 What did the girl find?

Ans. The girl found a coin.

Q. 2 When did she find it?

Ans. She found it when she was sweeping the yard.

Q. 3 How had the coin been there?

Ans. Someone had dropped the coin there.

Q. 4 What was the worth of the coin?

Ans. The coin was worth little.

Q. 5 Why was it a whole fortune for her?

Ans. It was a whole fortune for her because she had never anything of her own before.

Q. 6 How did she clean it?

Ans. She cleaned it by rubbing it on the sleeve of her jacket.

Q. 7 What did she do after cleaning it?

Ans. She put it into her pocket after cleaning it.

Paragraph No. 19

In December, 1930, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal was invited to preside over the annual meeting of All India Muslim League at Allahabad. In his address, he openly opposed the idea of power-sharing together of Hindus and Muslims as one nation. He declared that the movement to apply one constitution to both the Hindus and Muslims would result in a civil war. He wanted to see Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a single state for the Muslims, so that they should live according to the teachings of Islam. We can say that Allama Iqbal was the first thinker to give us the idea of a separate homeland for the Muslims of India i.e. partition of the Subcontinent into two sovereign states. The Muslims soon realized the importance of the demand for two separate states. It was then, the Pakistan Resolution was adopted in 1940.

Questions:

1. Where was the annual meeting of all India Muslim league held in 1930?

Answer: The annual meeting of All India Muslim League was held at Allahabad in 1930.

2. Who was invited to preside over the session?

Answer: Allama Iqbal was invited to preside over the session.

3. What idea did allama Iqbal oppose?

Answer: Allama Iqbal opposed the idea of Hind-Muslim unity and said that it would result in a civil war.

4. Which provinces did he want to be included in the Muslim state?

Answer: He wanted Pubjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to be included in the Muslim state.

5. On what grounds, did he demand a separate state for the Muslims of India?

Answer: He demanded a separate state for the Muslims of India where they could live according to the teachings of Islam.

6. When was the Pakistan resolution moved?

Answer: The Pakistan Resolution was moved in 1940.

Paragraph No. 20

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by a liberal English man Mr. A.O. Hume. He had joined the Indian Civil Service in 1849 and retired from service after shouldering different responsibilities. He had been watching the ugly law and order situation, in the country quite frequently. He was of the opinion that the highhanded rule of the Britishers was paving way for any unexpected outburst of violence. His plan was to put a safety valve to minimize the mounting sentiments against the British rule. It was meant to provide an outlet which could ventilate the revolutionary spirit. Mr. Hume put his plan before Lord Duffrin.

Questions:

Q.1: Who founded the Indian National Congress?

Ans. The Indian National Congress was founded by Mr. A.O. Hume.

Q.2: Who was Mr. A.O. Hume?

Ans. Mr. A.O. Hume was a liberal man. He had joined the Indian Civil Service in 1849 and retired from service after shouldering different responsibilities.

Q.3: When was the Indian National Congress founded?

Ans. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885.

Q.4: Why did Hume think of founding this political organization?

Ans. Through this political organization, Hume wanted to put a safety valve to minimize the mounting sentiments against the British rule. It was meant to provide an outlet which could ventilate the revolutionary spirit.

Q.5: With whom did he discuss his plan?

Ans. He discussed his plan with Lord Duffrin.

Paragraph No. 21

There was once a man whose doctor gave him medicine which was quite black. His servant who was illiterate made a mistake and poured out a dose of ink in place of the drug. He gave it to his master who drank it. After the patient had taken the dose of ink, the servant somehow realized his mistake. He ran back to his master and said, "Sir, I have given you a dose of ink instead of the medicine as both were equally black. What should be done now?" The master replied softly, "Now give me a piece of blotting paper to swallow".

Questions:

Q. 1 What was the colour of the medicine?

Ans. The colour of the medicine was black.

Q. 2 What did the servant give to his master?

Ans. The servant gave a dose of ink to his master.

Q. 3 When did the servant come to know of his mistake?

Ans. After the patient had taken the dose of ink, the servant came to know of his mistake.

Q. 4 What did the servant do?

Ans. The servant told his master that he had given him the dose of ink instead of medicine.

Q. 5 What did the master say to his servant?

Ans. The master said to him, “Now give me piece of blotting paper to swallow.”

Paragraph No. 22

There lived a monkey in a forest. One day he was going about in search of food as he was very hungry. At last he entered the house of a farmer. There was no body in the house. The monkey found a hard vessel with a narrow opening. He put his hand into it. It had grains in it. He took a handful of these and tried to pull his hand out but he could not do so with his closed fist. After some time the owner of the house came up. His dog was also with him. The dog fell upon the monkey and tore him to pieces. Thus the monkey met his fate due to his greed.

Questions:

Q. 1 Where did the monkey live?

Ans. The monkey lived in a forest.

Q. 2 Why did he enter the house of a farmer?

Ans. He entered the house of a farmer in search of food.

Q. 3 What did he find there?

Ans. He found a hard vessel with a narrow opening there.

Q. 4 What was in the vessel?

Ans. There were grains in the vessel.

Q. 5 What did the monkey do?

Ans. The monkey put his hand into the vessel.

Q. 6 Why could he not pull his hand out of the vessel?

Ans. He could not pull his hand out of the vessel with closed fist.

Q. 7 How did the monkey meet his fate?

Ans. The dog of the farmer fell upon the monkey and tore him into pieces.

Paragraph No. 23

A tailor ran a shop in a bazaar. An elephant used to go to the river through that bazaar. The tailor gave him a bun every day. One day the tailor pricked a needle into the trunk of the elephant. The elephant became angry but went away. On return he filled his trunk with muddy water. On reaching the shop of the tailor, he put his trunk into it and squirted the dirty water into the shop of the tailor. All the fine and new dresses of his customers were spoiled. He was very sorry for annoying the elephant but it was no use crying over spilt milk.

Questions:

Q. 1 Where did the elephant go every day?

Ans. The elephant went to a river every day.

Q. 2 What did the tailor give him?

Ans. The tailor gave him a bun every day.

Q. 3 What mistake did the tailor make one day?

Ans. One day, the tailor pricked a needle into the trunk of the elephant.

Q. 4 What do the elephant do after drinking water?

Ans. The elephant filled his trunk with muddy water after drinking water.

Q. 5 How did the elephant punish the tailor for his mistake?

Ans. The elephant reached the shop of the tailor, put his trunk into it and squirted dirty water into

the shop.

Q. 6 What is the moral of the story?

Ans. The moral is “There is no use of crying over spilt milk”.

Paragraph No. 24

A professional player is quite different from an amateur. His main aim is to make money. He plays

the game to earn money or win a name. On the other hand the amateur player has no such aim. He plays because he gets pleasure in playing. Games not only give him recreation but also physical exercise. He enjoys good health and a sound physique. He plays the game as he should. He observes all the rules and regulations of games. The amateur player plays honestly. He becomes a disciplined gentleman and a responsible citizen. He accepts defeat but does not resort to cheating or other unfair means to win. If he wins a game he feels happy but he is not sat at losing one.

Questions:

Q. 1 What is meant by professional player?

Ans. Professional player means a player who plays for money or to win a name.

Q. 2 With what aim does he play games?

Ans. He plays games with the aim of money.

Q. 3 What makes an amateur player a responsible citizen?

Ans. An amateur observes all the rules and regulations of games which make him a responsible citizen.

Q. 4 What qualities of true sportsmanship does a professional player lack?

Ans. A professional player lacks recreation.

Q. 5 How does an amateur player differ from a professional player?

Ans. Unlike a professional player, an amateur plays the game as he should and plays honestly.

Q. 6 How does an amateur player take his defeat?

Ans. An amateur accepts defeat but does not use unfair means to win.

Q. 7 Who plays a game for the sake of the game?

Ans. An amateur plays the game for the sake of game.

Paragraph No. 25

The camel is rightly called the "ship of the desert". It is the best means of transport in deserts.

Camels go slow. But they go on walking for hours on the burning sand and in the blazing sun. Camels carry heavy loads, much heavier in weight than any other beast of burden can. While the other animal's feet sink into the sand but nature has made the feet of camel such that it is not at all difficult for it to walk on sand. The camel to superior to all other animals because it can go without food and drink for days and weeks. It can store food and water. Its hump is also a store of food which the camels use when they get nothing to eat and drink for many days. In deserts only bushes grow here and there and the camel can live on these.

Questions:

Q. 1 Why is camel called the ship of the desert?

Ans. Camel is called the “Ship of desert” because it can walk on sand easily with heavy loads.

Q. 2 Is it for its speed that it is called the ship of the deserts?

Ans. No, it is not called the ship of desert for its speed.

Q. 3 What difficulty do the other beasts of burden have to face while walking on the sand?

Ans. The feet of other beasts of burden sink into the sand.

Q. 4 Why does a camel walk easily on the loose sand of the desert?

Ans. A camel can walk easily on the loose sand of a desert due to its foot pad.

Q. 5 What special quality makes camel superior to other animals used for transport?

Ans. Camel can go without drink and food for weeks. It can store food and water.

Q. 6 How does the camel go without food and water for days and weeks?